A New Methodology For Deriving Regional Time Of Concentration Equations Using GIS And Genetic Programming

Time of concentration (ToC) is the most frequently utilized time-scale parameter in hydrology which must be estimated accurately to ensure correct simulation of many different hydrological processes. Hydrologists have developed many empirical and semi-empirical methods for estimating ToC which are regional, watershed, and site-specific. Modellers are often confused by the number of ToC estimation methods and formulas and often select an equation without evaluating its correctness which leads to inaccurate simulation results. The importance of deriving and using regional ToC equations has been highlighted in many studies. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for deriving ToC equation(s) for watersheds located in a specific geographic region using GIS and Genetic Programming (GP). The use of GIS data allows for easy extraction of multiple characteristics of a large number of watersheds and sub-watersheds. Also, integration of GIS maps into the TR-55 model enables the determination of “true” TOC values for the watersheds under study. The obtained physical and hydrological characteristics of the watersheds are combined with rainfall characteristics and computed ToC values to form a large database. GP is then used as a data mining tool for conducting symbolic regression and deriving the most accurate set of equations for the watersheds of the region. In a case study, the proposed methodology is applied to 72 watersheds and sub-watersheds in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. The method provides a set of different ToC equations to be used for watersheds with different sizes in the region. The equations proposed by GP are evaluated and compared to other conventional ToC estimation methods. The set of equations found by GP provides insight on the relationship between ToC and other watershed and rainfall characteristics and highlights the potential role of GP as an attractive and effective Knowledge Discovery tool

Functional and Performance Analysis of Network-on-Chips Using Actor-based Modeling and Formal Verification

Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as a promising architecture paradigmfor todays many-core systems. As complexity grows in NoCs, functional verificationand performance prediction in the early stages of the design process are suggestedas ways to reduce the fabrication cost. Formal methods have gained moreattention as alternative ways for analyzing NoC designs. In this paper we propose amethod to model different characteristics of the system, and also verify various functionaland performance properties by generating the full state space of the model fordifferent scenarios. We present a formal model for two-dimensional mesh GloballyAsynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) NoCs with four-phase handshakecommunication protocol, using the actor-based modeling language Rebeca. Functionaland timing behaviors, routing algorithm and communication protocol are capturedin the model. Deadlock freedom, message arrival, and end-to-end packet latencyare checked. In order to analyze large NoCs we propose a scalable approachbased on compositional verification for estimating maximum end-to-end packet latency.The compositional approach is specific for the XY-routing algorithm. Resultsof verification are compared and matched to simulation results of HSPICE using32nm technology

Biodegradation Assessment of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils by Natural Attenuation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation Methods on an Industrial Scale

This research study compares the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods by applying the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus bacteria in hydrocarbon-polluted land area of 1000 square meters consists of three distinct parts to compare the methods discussed above for 100 days. The petroleum-contaminated percentage of this area (w / w) is 0.5%. The extraction and determination of petroleum hydrocarbons percentage in contaminated soil was done by gravimetric method by liquid-liquid extraction method by hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform solvents. The results showed that the bioaugmentation technique has a higher ability to analyze the petroleum hydrocarbons contaminant that reduced about 82.33% of this pollution in the period of 100 days and biostimulation and natural attenuation methods decreased the hydrocarbon materials percentage to the rate of 40.32 and 12.11% respectively

Biodegradation Assessment of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils by Natural Attenuation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation Methods on an Industrial Scale

This research study compares the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods by applying the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus bacteria in hydrocarbon-polluted land area of 1000 square meters consists of three distinct parts to compare the methods discussed above for 100 days. The petroleum-contaminated percentage of this area (w / w) is 0.5%. The extraction and determination of petroleum hydrocarbons percentage in contaminated soil was done by gravimetric method by liquid-liquid extraction method by hexane, dichloromethane and chloroform solvents. The results showed that the bioaugmentation technique has a higher ability to analyze the petroleum hydrocarbons contaminant that reduced about 82.33% of this pollution in the period of 100 days and biostimulation and natural attenuation methods decreased the hydrocarbon materials percentage to the rate of 40.32 and 12.11% respectively

Propofol Pretreatment Protects Hippocampal CA1 Neurons from Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rat

Background: The number of brain strokes induced by ischemia has increased significantly in recent years as a result of brain vascular disorders. Some of these patients will require brain vascular surgery. Brain ischemia, large-scale bleeding, and hypoxia are all severe risks that must be avoided when using an anesthetic medicine that has the best protective benefits for the patient's brain and vascular system during the surgical process. One of the most critical pathogenic events in ischemia-reperfusion is apoptosis, and the CA1 region of the hippocampus is one of the most vulnerable parts of the brain to ischemia. Propofol is a neuroprotective intravenous anesthetic for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Few studies have been conducted on the neuroprotective and neurobehavioral effects of propofol, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. However, few studies have looked into the dose and injection timing of the drug to achieve neuroprotective effects. Aim: The purpose of this study was to see if propofol could protect male Wistar rat hippocampal CA1pyramidal cells from ischemia and brief overall reperfusion damage. Methods: The 18 male Wistar rats were placed into three groups: control, ischemia, and experimental. 1 hour before ischemia, 40 mg/kg propofol was given intraperitoneally. Ischemia was induced by blocking the common carotid arteries on both sides for 20 minutes. For histomorphologic alterations, the Hematoxylin-Eosin, Nissl, and TUNEL techniques were used. Results: The researchers discovered that 40mg/kg propofol has protective effects on hippocampus pyramidal neurons in ischemia/reperfusion-induced lab rats. Conclusion: Propofol can drastically reduce neuron death while also protecting them from ischemia damage

Ubiquinone [Q10] and Dentate Gyrus Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Brain Ischaemia

Introduction: This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of ubiquinone following ischemia/reperfusion on dentate gyrus in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Rats were randomly assigned to four groups [n=6].  Common carotid arteries were bilaterally closed for 20 minutes in order to perform ischemic model. Four days later, all rats were slaughtered and hippocampal tissue was examined by Nissl staining method. Results: The data showed that ubiquinone had a neurotrophic effect on dentate gyrus cells of hippocampal region in ischemia/reperfusion model. Conclusion: Our findings adduce the argument that ubiquinone can be used to treat brain lesions following ischemia